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The objective of this article is to summarize the evolution of the regional commitments of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on health promotion and strategies to improve the health and well-being of women, children, adolescents, and older persons. PAHO regional strategies approved by Member States in the last 20 years are used as the main source of information. The article presents the challenges of making health promotion a public health strategy widely applied in the Region of the Americas and the efforts to renew Member States' collective actions. The article also describes current PAHO efforts to include the positive aspects of health (i.e., well-being, optimal development, and functional ability) and the life course approach as opportunities to advance equity. The article reflects on immunization as a public good and the urgency to address the current challenges as a core element of the regional efforts to transform health systems after more than two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The objective of this article is to summarize the evolution of the regional commitments of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on health promotion and strategies to improve the health and well-being of women, children, adolescents, and older persons. PAHO regional strategies approved by Member States in the last 20 years are used as the main source of information. The article presents the challenges of making health promotion a public health strategy widely applied in the Region of the Americas and the efforts to renew Member States' collective actions. The article also describes current PAHO efforts to include the positive aspects of health (i.e., well-being, optimal development, and functional ability) and the life course approach as opportunities to advance equity. The article reflects on immunization as a public good and the urgency to address the current challenges as a core element of the regional efforts to transform health systems after more than two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.
El objetivo de este artículo es resumir la evolución de los compromisos regionales de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en materia de promoción de la salud y estrategias para mejorar la salud y el bienestar de mujeres, niños y niñas, adolescentes y personas mayores. Se han empleado como principal fuente de información las estrategias regionales de la OPS aprobadas por los Estados Miembros en los últimos 20 años. En el artículo se presentan los desafíos de convertir la promoción de la salud en una estrategia de salud pública de amplia ejecución en la Región de las Américas y los esfuerzos para renovar las medidas colectivas de los Estados Miembros. Asimismo, se describe la labor actual de la OPS para incluir los aspectos positivos de la salud (como el bienestar, el desarrollo óptimo y la capacidad funcional) y el enfoque del curso de vida como oportunidades para fomentar la equidad. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre la inmunización como bien público y la urgencia de abordar los desafíos actuales como elemento central de los esfuerzos regionales para transformar los sistemas de salud tras más de dos años de pandemia de COVID-19.
O objetivo deste artigo é resumir a evolução dos compromissos regionais da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) relativos à promoção da saúde e estratégias para melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar de mulheres, crianças, adolescentes e pessoas idosas. As estratégias regionais da OPAS aprovadas pelos Estados Membros nos últimos 20 anos são a principal fonte de informação. O artigo apresenta os desafios enfrentados para fazer da promoção da saúde uma estratégia de saúde pública amplamente aplicada na Região das Américas e os esforços para renovar as ações coletivas dos Estados Membros. O artigo também descreve os atuais esforços da OPAS para incluir os aspectos positivos da saúde (isto é, bem-estar, desenvolvimento ideal e habilidade funcional) e a abordagem de curso da vida como oportunidades para promover a equidade. O artigo faz reflexões sobre a imunização como um bem público e a urgência de abordar os desafios atuais como um elemento central dos esforços regionais para transformar os sistemas de saúde após mais de dois anos da pandemia de COVID-19.
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Background: As of September 2022, nearly 1.3 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine products have been administered in Latin America and the Caribbean, where 27% of global COVID-19 deaths have occurred. This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against lab-confirmed COVID-19 related hospitalizations and deaths among adults in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. Methods: Using a test-negative case control design, we evaluated the effectiveness of a primary vaccination series considering six COVID-19 vaccine products (Sputnik V, mRNA-1273, CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S) against lab-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths among 83,708 hospitalized adults from February-December, 2021. Data from hospitalization records, COVID surveillance, and vaccination registries were used. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using logistic regression ((1-OR) x 100). Findings: The average age of participants was 56.7 (SD = 17.5), and 45,894 (54.8%) were male. Adjusted VE (aVE) estimates for full vaccination against hospitalization were 82% for mRNA-1273 (95% confidence interval (CI) = -30 to 98%), 76% (71%-81%) for BNT162b2, 65% (61-68%) for ChAdOx1, 57% (10-79%) for Sputnik V, 53% (50-56%) for CoronaVac, and 46% (23-62%) for Ad26.COV2.S. Estimates, particularly for CoronaVac, varied by variant. Decreasing aVE was estimated as age increased, particularly for CoronaVac and ChAdOx1. aVE estimates against death were generally higher, with 100% (CI not estimated) for mRNA-1273, 82% (69-90%) for BNT162b2, 73% (69-77%) for ChAdOx1, 65% (60-67%) for CoronaVac, 38% (-75 to 78%) for Sputnik V, 6% (-58 to 44%) for Ad26.COV2.S. Interpretation: Primary series vaccination with available COVID-19 vaccine products was effective against COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality. Effectiveness varied by product and declined with increasing age. Funding: This study was funded by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO, World Health Organization (WHO)). PAHO convened and led the study implementation.
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IntroductionIn the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which required urgent responses from health systems, and ongoing decision making in a context of limited and evolving evidence, modeling played a significant role in supporting public policy making. Nonetheless, particularly in low and middle-income countries, modeling groups are scarce, and usually not routinely involved in supporting public health policy making. We aimed to appraise COVID-19 modeling work in Brazil during the pandemic.MethodsWe performed a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines to identify groups conducting COVID-19 modeling to support health decision-making in Brazil. Search strategies were applied to MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, ArXiv, and also included National data repositories and gray literature. We excluded reports of models without modeling results. Titles, s, data repository descriptions and full-text articles identified were read and selected by two reviewers. Data extracted included modeling questions, model characteristics (structure, type, and programming), epidemiologic data sources, main outcomes reported, and parameters. To further identify modeling groups that might have not yet published results, snowball sampling was performed, and a short survey was sent electronically. Investigators and policymakers were invited to an online interview, to obtain further information on how they interacted, communicated, and used modeling results.ResultsWe retrieved 1,061 references. After removing duplicates (127), 1,016 s and titles were screened. From an initial selection of 142 s, 133 research groups were identified, of which 67 didn't meet the eligibility criteria. Of these, 66 groups were invited for an interview, of which 24 were available, including 18 modeling groups from academic institutions, and four groups from State Health departments. Most models assessed the impact of mitigation measures in cases/hospitalization/deaths and healthcare service demand. Interaction and communication with decision-makers were not well established in most groups.ConclusionsDespite a large number of modeling groups in Brazil, we observed a significant gap in modeling demand and communicating its results to support the decision-making process during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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IntroductionModeling is important for guiding policy during epidemics. The objective of this work was to describe the experience of structuring a multidisciplinary collaborative network in Brazil for modeling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to support decision-making throughout the pandemic.MethodsResponding to a national call in June 2020 for proposals on COVID-19 mitigation projects, we established a team of investigators from public universities located in various regions throughout Brazil. The team's main objective was to model severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission dynamics in various demographic and epidemiologic settings in Brazil using different types of models and mitigation interventions. The modeling results aimed to provide information to support policy making. This descriptive study outlines the processes, products, challenges, and lessons learned from this innovative experience.ResultsThe network included 18 researchers (epidemiologists, infectious diseases experts, statisticians, and modelers) from various backgrounds, including ecology, geography, physics, and mathematics. The criteria for joining the network were having a communication channel with public health decision-makers and being involved in generating evidence for public policy. During a 24-month period, the following sub-projects were established: (i) development of a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-like, individual-based meta-population and Markov chain model;(ii) projection of COVID-19 transmission and impact over time with respect to cases, hospitalizations, and deaths;(iii) assessment of the impact of non-pharmacological interventions for COVID-19;(iv) evaluation of the impact of reopening schools;and (v) determining optimal strategies for COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, we mapped existing COVID-19 modeling groups nationwide and conducted a systematic review of relevant published research literature from Brazil.ConclusionsInfectious disease modeling for guiding public health policy requires interaction between epidemiologists, public health specialists, and modelers. Communicating modeling results in a non-academic format is an additional challenge, so close interaction with policy makers is essential to ensure that the information is useful. Establishing a network of modeling groups will be useful for future disease outbreaks.
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Background: Developing countries have experienced significant COVID-19 disease burden. With the emergence of new variants, particularly omicron, the disease burden in children has increased. When the first COVID-19 vaccine was approved for use in children aged 5-11 years of age, very few countries recommended vaccination due to limited risk-benefit evidence for vaccination of this population. In Brazil, ranking second in the global COVID-19 death toll, the childhood COVID-19 disease burden increased significantly in early 2022. This prompted a risk-benefit assessment of the introduction and scaling-up of COVID-19 vaccination of children. Methods: To estimate the potential impact of vaccinating children aged 5-11 years with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine in the context of omicron dominance, we developed a discrete-time SEIR-like model stratified in age groups, considering a three-month time horizon. We considered three scenarios: No vaccination, slow, and maximum vaccination paces. In each scenario, we estimated the potential reduction in total COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, hospitalization costs, and potential years of life lost, considering the absence of vaccination as the base-case scenario. Findings: We estimated that vaccinating at a maximum pace could prevent, between mid-January and April 2022, about 26,000 COVID-19 hospitalizations, and 4200 deaths in all age groups; of which 5400 hospitalizations and 410 deaths in children aged 5-11 years. Continuing vaccination at a slow/current pace would prevent 1450 deaths and 9700 COVID-19 hospitalizations in all age groups in this same time period; of which 180 deaths and 2390 hospitalizations in children only. Interpretation: Maximum vaccination of children results in a significant reduction of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths and should be enforced in developing countries with significant disease incidence in children. Funding: This manuscript was funded by the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technology Development (CNPq - Process # 402834/2020-8).
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INTRODUCTION: Brazil experienced moments of collapse in its health system throughout 2021, driven by the emergence of variants of concern (VOC) combined with an inefficient initial vaccination strategy against Covid-19. OBJECTIVES: To support decision-makers in formulating COVID-19 immunization policy in the context of limited vaccine availability and evolving variants over time, we evaluate optimal strategies for Covid-19 vaccination in Brazil in 2021, when vaccination was rolled out during Gamma variant predominance. METHODS: Using a discrete-time epidemic model we estimate Covid-19 deaths averted, considering the currently Covid-19 vaccine products and doses available in Brazil; vaccine coverage by target population; and vaccine effectiveness estimates. We evaluated a 5-month time horizon, from early August to the end of December 2021. Optimal vaccination strategies compared the outcomes in terms of averted deaths when varying dose intervals from 8 to 12 weeks, and choosing the minimum coverage levels per age group required prior to expanding vaccination to younger target populations. We also estimated dose availability required over time to allow the implementation of optimal strategies. RESULTS: To maximize the number of averted deaths, vaccine coverage of at least 80 % should be reached in older age groups before starting vaccination into subsequent younger age groups. When evaluating varying dose intervals for AZD1222, reducing the dose interval from 12 to 8 weeks for the primary schedule would result in fewer COVID-19 deaths, but this can only be implemented if accompanied by an increase in vaccine supply of at least 50 % over the coming six-months in Brazil. CONCLUSION: Covid-19 immunization strategies should be tailored to local vaccine product availability and supply over time, circulating variants of concern, and vaccine coverage in target population groups. Modelling can provide valuable and timely evidence to support the implementation of vaccination strategies considering the local context, yet following international and regional technical evidence-based guidance.
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COVID-19 , Vacunas , Humanos , Anciano , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Brasil/epidemiología , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 , VacunaciónRESUMEN
We simulate the impact of school reopening during the COVID-19 pandemic in three major urban centers in Brazil to identify the epidemiological indicators and the best timing for the return of in-school activities and the effect of contact tracing as a mitigation measure. Our goal is to offer guidelines for evidence-based policymaking. We implement an extended SEIR model stratified by age and considering contact networks in different settings - school, home, work, and community, in which the infection transmission rate is affected by various intervention measures. After fitting epidemiological and demographic data, we simulate scenarios with increasing school transmission due to school reopening, and also estimate the number of hospitalization and deaths averted by the implementation of contact tracing. Reopening schools results in a non-linear increase in reported COVID-19 cases and deaths, which is highly dependent on infection and disease incidence at the time of reopening. When contact tracing and quarantining are restricted to school and home settings, a large number of daily tests is required to produce significant effects in reducing the total number of hospitalizations and deaths. Policymakers should carefully consider the epidemiological context and timing regarding the implementation of school closure and return of in-person school activities. While contact tracing strategies prevent new infections within school environments, they alone are not sufficient to avoid significant impacts on community transmission.
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Introduction Brazil experienced moments of collapse in its health system throughout 2021, driven by the emergence of variants of concern (VOC) combined with an inefficient initial vaccination strategy against Covid-19. Objectives To support decision-makers in formulating COVID-19 immunization policy in the context of limited vaccine availability and evolving variants over time, we evaluate optimal strategies for Covid-19 vaccination in Brazil in 2021, when vaccination was rolled out during Gamma variant predominance. Methods Using a discrete-time epidemic model we estimate Covid-19 deaths averted, considering the currently Covid-19 vaccine products and doses available in Brazil;vaccine coverage by target population;and vaccine effectiveness estimates. We evaluated a 5-month time horizon, from early August to the end of December 2021. Optimal vaccination strategies compared the outcomes in terms of averted deaths when varying dose intervals from 8-12 weeks, and choosing the minimum coverage levels per age group required prior to expanding vaccination to younger target populations. We also estimated dose availability required over time to allow the implementation of optimal strategies. Results To maximize the number of averted deaths, vaccine coverage of at least 80% should be reached in older age groups before starting vaccination into subsequent younger age groups. When evaluating varying dose intervals for AZD1222, reducing the dose interval from 12 to 8 weeks for the primary schedule would result in fewer COVID-19 deaths, but this can only be implemented if accompanied by an increase in vaccine supply of at least 50% over the coming six-months in Brazil. Conclusion Covid-19 immunization strategies should be tailored to local vaccine product availability and supply over time, circulating variants of concern, and vaccine coverage in target population groups. Modelling can provide valuable and timely evidence to support the implementation of vaccination strategies considering the local context, yet following international and regional technical evidence-based guidance.
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Lacking national direction, in 2020 Brazilian states adopted a variety of nonpharmaceutical interventions to combat COVID-19, adjusting their stringency over time. We took advantage of this variation across states and over time to estimate the independent effect of seven interventions on the growth rate ratios of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Panel regressions using daily data from March to December 2020 for twelve states show that two interventions, suspension of public events and masking mandates, significantly reduced the spread of the disease. Partial and full suspension of public events were equally effective. Full masking mandates were more effective than partial ones. Together, suspension of public events and full masking mandates reduced the growth rate ratios of both cases and deaths almost to 1, the point at which cases and deaths are no longer increasing. Policy makers may find this analysis useful as they aim to choose the most effective nonpharmaceutical interventions to reduce COVID-19's social and economic burdens.
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COVID-19 , Brasil/epidemiología , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite substantial evidence on the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), there is still limited evidence on the individual effects of different types of NPIs on social distancing, especially in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: We used panel data analysis to evaluate the effects of mandatory social distancing rules on social distancing. We obtained data on six different categories of mandatory restrictions implemented in Brazil, by date and state, from state government gazettes (diários oficiais). We then defined a social distancing rules index (SDI) to measure the strictness of social distancing rules, assigning each a value of 2, 1, or 0 depending on whether restrictions were full, partial, or very limited/non-existent at every given time. A separate variable was defined for masking mandates. We tested whether the following variables were associated to social distancing: SDI, masking mandates, COVID-19 incidence, population socioeconomic status, and political orientation. Data is for each day between March 11th and November 10th, 2020 in the 27 Brazilian states (N = 6615). FINDINGS: Social distancing increased when social distancing rules were stricter, and decreased when the use of face masks became mandatory. The effects of different types of restrictions varied: suspending in-person classes and gatherings, religious/sport/cultural activities had a greater effect than other types of restrictions. Also, the effect of social distancing rules on people's behaviour decreased over time, especially when rules were stricter. INTERPRETATION: Mandatory social distancing rules must be adopted to increase social distancing. Stricter rules have a higher impact, but result in decreased compliance over time. Policymakers should prioritize more targeted policies.
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COVID-19/prevención & control , Distanciamiento Físico , Brasil/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/estadística & datos numéricos , Modelos Estadísticos , Política , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Na ausência de uma política nacional abrangente de distanciamento social no Brasil, políticas foram adotadas de forma descentralizada por governos estaduais e, em menor medida, por prefeituras. Em maior ou menor grau, todos os estados brasileiros as haviam introduzido ao final de março de 2020, tendo decretado a suspensão de aulas e de eventos que criassem ampla aglomeração de pessoas, assim como a suspensão de ao menos parte das atividades comerciais não essenciais. A partir do final de abril, estados passaram a adotar planos estruturados de flexibilização das medidas de distanciamento social, igualmente de forma descentralizada, sendo que, ao final de julho de 2020, estes haviam sido adotados em 21 estados. No entanto, há uma variação significativa nas características destes planos quanto ao formato, critérios técnicos considerados e transparência. Os 21 estados com planos seguem critérios relacionados ao número de casos/óbitos e à disponibilidade de leitos de UTI. Destes, 14 formalizaram os critérios em fórmulas de cálculo claras e amplamente divulgadas, as quais pautam a reabertura de certos setores ou a suspensão de suas atividades, o que confere transparência aos parâmetros utilizados para a implementação de medidas de distanciamento ou sua flexibilização. Ademais, dos estados que possuem planos, 18 adotaram políticas regionalizadas, ou seja, mais rigorosas para áreas de maior risco. Além disso, em 14 estados pelo menos dois terços dos municípios (incluindo a capital) seguem o plano estadual. Esta nota faz uma análise crítica desses planos de flexibilização com base em recomendações internacionais e nacionais. Trata-se de política essencial não apenas para conter a pandemia, mas também para gerenciar as expectativas da sociedade quanto às condições necessárias para a flexibilização.
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Medidas de distanciamento social vêm sendo amplamente adotadas para mitigar a pandemia da COVID-19. No entanto, pouco se sabe quanto ao seu impacto no momento da implementação, abrangência e duração da vigência das medidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as medidas de distanciamento social implementadas pelas Unidades da Federação (UF) brasileiras, incluindo o tipo de medida e o momento de sua adoção. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com caracterização do tipo, momento cronológico e epidemiológico da implementação e abrangência das medidas. O levantamento das medidas foi realizado por meio de buscas em sites oficiais das Secretarias de Governo e no Diário Oficial de cada UF. Os números de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 foram obtidos de uma plataforma de informações oficiais. Consideramos as seguintes categorias de medidas de distanciamento social: suspensão de eventos, suspensão de aulas, quarentena para grupos de risco, paralisação econômica (parcial ou plena), restrição de transporte e quarentena para a população. O momento de implementação considerou a data cronológica e também o momento epidemiológico, levando em conta o tempo após o décimo caso ou primeiro óbito por COVID-19 em cada UF. Todas as UF implementaram medidas de distanciamento, em sua maioria durante a segunda quinzena de março de 2020. Paralisação econômica foi implementada precocemente, anterior ao décimo caso por 67% e anterior ao primeiro óbito por COVID-19 por 89% das UF. As medidas de distanciamento social foram amplamente implementadas no Brasil, de maneira precoce, antes ou na fase inicial da curva de crescimento exponencial de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 na grande maioria das UF. Medidas de distanciamiento social están siendo ampliamente adoptadas para mitigar la pandemia de la COVID-19. No obstante, poco se sabe en cuanto al momento de implementación, alcance y duración de la vigencia de las medidas en su impacto. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las medidas de distanciamiento social, implementadas por las Unidades de la Federación (UF) brasileñas, incluyendo el tipo de medida y el momento de su implementación. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con caracterización del tipo, momento cronológico y epidemiológico de la implementación y alcance de las medidas. La obtención de las medidas se realizó a través de búsquedas en sitios oficiales de las Secretarías de Gobierno y Boletín Oficial de cada UF. Los números de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 se obtuvieron de una plataforma de información oficial. Consideramos las siguientes categorías de medidas de distanciamiento social: suspensión de eventos, suspensión de clases, cuarentena para grupos de riesgo, paralización económica (parcial o plena), restricción de transporte y cuarentena para la población. El momento de implementación consideró la fecha cronológica y también el momento epidemiológico, considerando el tiempo tras el 10º caso o 1er óbito por COVID-19 en cada UF. Todas las UF implementaron medidas de distanciamiento, en su mayoría durante la segunda quincena de marzo de 2020. Se implementó la paralización económica precozmente, anterior al 10º caso por 67% y anterior al 1er óbito por COVID-19 por 89% de las UF. Las medidas de distanciamiento social fueron ampliamente implementadas en Brasil, de manera precoz, antes o en la fase inicial de la curva de crecimiento exponencial de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 en la gran mayoría de las UF. Social distancing measures have been widely adopted to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the timing of measures'implementation, scope, and duration in relation to their impact. The study aimed to describe the social distancing measures implemented by Brazil's states and the Federal District, including the types of measures and the timing of their implementation. This is a descriptive study of the measures'type, chronological and epidemiological timing of the implementation, and scope. The survey of measures used searches in official websites of the government departments and each state's Government Register. The official number of COVID-19 cases and deaths were obtained from an official a data platform. We considered the following categories of social distancing measures: suspension of events, school closure, quarantine of risk groups, economic lockdown (partial or full), restrictions on transportation, and quarantine of the population. The implementation's timing considered both the chronological date and the epidemiological timing, based on the time since the 10th case or 1st death from COVID-19 in each state. All the states implemented distancing measures, mostly during the latter half of March 2020. Economic lockdown was implemented early, prior to the 10th case by 67% of the states and prior to the 1st death from COVID-19 by 89% of the states. Early social distancing measures were widely implemented in Brazil, before or in the initial phase of the exponential growth curve of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the great majority of states.
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Social distancing measures have been widely adopted to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the timing of measures' implementation, scope, and duration in relation to their impact. The study aimed to describe the social distancing measures implemented by Brazil's states and the Federal District, including the types of measures and the timing of their implementation. This is a descriptive study of the measures' type, chronological and epidemiological timing of the implementation, and scope. The survey of measures used searches in official websites of the government departments and each state's Government Register. The official number of COVID-19 cases and deaths were obtained from an official a data platform. We considered the following categories of social distancing measures: suspension of events, school closure, quarantine of risk groups, economic lockdown (partial or full), restrictions on transportation, and quarantine of the population. The implementation's timing considered both the chronological date and the epidemiological timing, based on the time since the 10th case or 1st death from COVID-19 in each state. All the states implemented distancing measures, mostly during the latter half of March 2020. Economic lockdown was implemented early, prior to the 10th case by 67% of the states and prior to the 1st death from COVID-19 by 89% of the states. Early social distancing measures were widely implemented in Brazil, before or in the initial phase of the exponential growth curve of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the great majority of states.
Medidas de distanciamento social vêm sendo amplamente adotadas para mitigar a pandemia da COVID-19. No entanto, pouco se sabe quanto ao seu impacto no momento da implementação, abrangência e duração da vigência das medidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as medidas de distanciamento social implementadas pelas Unidades da Federação (UF) brasileiras, incluindo o tipo de medida e o momento de sua adoção. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com caracterização do tipo, momento cronológico e epidemiológico da implementação e abrangência das medidas. O levantamento das medidas foi realizado por meio de buscas em sites oficiais das Secretarias de Governo e no Diário Oficial de cada UF. Os números de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 foram obtidos de uma plataforma de informações oficiais. Consideramos as seguintes categorias de medidas de distanciamento social: suspensão de eventos, suspensão de aulas, quarentena para grupos de risco, paralisação econômica (parcial ou plena), restrição de transporte e quarentena para a população. O momento de implementação considerou a data cronológica e também o momento epidemiológico, levando em conta o tempo após o décimo caso ou primeiro óbito por COVID-19 em cada UF. Todas as UF implementaram medidas de distanciamento, em sua maioria durante a segunda quinzena de março de 2020. Paralisação econômica foi implementada precocemente, anterior ao décimo caso por 67% e anterior ao primeiro óbito por COVID-19 por 89% das UF. As medidas de distanciamento social foram amplamente implementadas no Brasil, de maneira precoce, antes ou na fase inicial da curva de crescimento exponencial de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 na grande maioria das UF.
Medidas de distanciamiento social están siendo ampliamente adoptadas para mitigar la pandemia de la COVID-19. No obstante, poco se sabe en cuanto al momento de implementación, alcance y duración de la vigencia de las medidas en su impacto. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las medidas de distanciamiento social, implementadas por las Unidades de la Federación (UF) brasileñas, incluyendo el tipo de medida y el momento de su implementación. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con caracterización del tipo, momento cronológico y epidemiológico de la implementación y alcance de las medidas. La obtención de las medidas se realizó a través de búsquedas en sitios oficiales de las Secretarías de Gobierno y Boletín Oficial de cada UF. Los números de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 se obtuvieron de una plataforma de información oficial. Consideramos las siguientes categorías de medidas de distanciamiento social: suspensión de eventos, suspensión de clases, cuarentena para grupos de riesgo, paralización económica (parcial o plena), restricción de transporte y cuarentena para la población. El momento de implementación consideró la fecha cronológica y también el momento epidemiológico, considerando el tiempo tras el 10º caso o 1er óbito por COVID-19 en cada UF. Todas las UF implementaron medidas de distanciamiento, en su mayoría durante la segunda quincena de marzo de 2020. Se implementó la paralización económica precozmente, anterior al 10º caso por 67% y anterior al 1er óbito por COVID-19 por 89% de las UF. Las medidas de distanciamiento social fueron ampliamente implementadas en Brasil, de manera precoz, antes o en la fase inicial de la curva de crecimiento exponencial de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 en la gran mayoría de las UF.